Abstract:
Against the background of the growing number of local and
international armed conflicts, in particular the full-scale war in Ukraine, cases of severe
injuries accompanied by traumatic loss of lower limbs are increasingly being recorded.
In peacetime, the main causes of amputations were vascular pathologies, diabetes
mellitus and malignant neoplasms, however, combat trauma is now becoming
increasingly important. Amputation of the lower limb, regardless of etiology, is a
surgical intervention with a high risk of complications, significant functional
consequences and the need for complex rehabilitation. In this context, it is extremely
relevant to study the current state of knowledge in the field of amputation surgery, in
particular regarding the latest techniques, predicting complications and ensuring the
quality of life of patients. The aim of the study is to summarize current scientific
information on surgical approaches to lower limb amputations, associated
complications and prospects for improving the quality of life of patients. Materials and
methods. To achieve the goal, a systematic review of publications in leading
scientometric databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) over the past 10 years was
conducted. The review covered studies devoted to surgical techniques, reconstructive
technologies, postoperative complications and social adaptation of persons with
amputated limbs. Results of the study. Today, considerable attention is paid to the use
of gentle amputation techniques taking into account the preservation of the functional
capabilities of the hip and knee joints, which significantly facilitates future prosthetics.
The latest surgical strategies are being implemented in practice, such as targeted
muscle reinnervation, osseointegrated prostheses, bioelectric control and 3D printing
of individual components. At the same time, the frequency of complications such as
phantom pain, soft tissue infections, stump healing disorders, depression and posttraumatic conditions remains high. The quality of life after amputation largely depends
on access to modern prosthetics, early initiation of physical rehabilitation,
psychological support, and social integration. Conclusion. Modern amputation surgery
is rapidly evolving due to the introduction of technological innovations and
interdisciplinary approaches. Effective postoperative management and comprehensive rehabilitation are key factors in reducing disability and improving the quality of life of
patients.
