Thyroid cancer: Aspects of morphological diagnostics and nanotechnologies.

Abstract

Thyroid cancer (TC) shows a steady upward trend in incidence worldwide and in Ukraine, which makes it important to improve approaches to its diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze current literature on the morphological features of TC and the potential use of molecular biomarkers and nanotechnologies in its diagnosis. The main histological types of tumors, their prognostic significance, and problematic aspects of morphological verification, particularly in follicular neoplasms, are highlighted. The role of molecular markers (RET, BRAF, RAS) in differential diagnosis, prognosis, and the selection of personalized therapy is demonstrated. The prospects for the use of nanoparticles, nanosensors, drug delivery nanosystems, and nanoimaging technologies for early detection and improved biopsy accuracy are discussed. The use of innovative molecular and nanotechnological approaches expands the possibilities for early diagnosis and improves treatment outcomes for patients with TC.