Post-concussion syndrome: Part 1. Overview of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of mild blast-related traumatic brain injury

Abstract

This article provides a review of current data on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of mild blast-related traumatic brain injury (mbTBI), which has become the leading type of injury in modern military conflicts. The prevalence of mbTBI among U.S. military personnel during operations in Afghanistan and Iraq is described, with emphasis on the cumulative effect of repeated injuries that increases the risk of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The paper discusses the main mechanisms of blast wave impact on the brain, including direct and indirect effects, pathomorphological changes, and differences from “civilian” mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Current insights into molecular and cellular alterations underlying mbTBI are summarized, along with data from experimental and clinical studies. These findings are crucial for developing effective diagnostic approaches, treatment strategies, and rehabilitation programs for service members and veterans.